Early conflicts in Mandate Palestine

In 1920, President Scholars Jerusalem Mohammad Amin al-Husayni (1897-1974) became the leader of the Arab Palestinian movement and played an important role in the early movements against the Balfour Declaration and the massive Jewish immigration to Palestine.

However, the first major violence in the Palestine Mandate occurs in 1 to 7 May 1921 known as Jaffa riots. Originally riot was between two groups of Jews were then widened to involve the Arab population.

The riot began when the Communist Party on May 1, 1921 Jews invited Arabs and Jews to overthrow British rule in Palestine and establish a Palestinian state that is affiliated with the Soviet Union.

The party expressed this intention in a parade from the town of Jaffa to Tel Aviv during the celebration of Labor Day or May Day. This parade across a village called Manshiyya a mix of Arabs and Jews inhabited.

Apparently there is another May Day parade that carried the competitors from Tel Aviv, Ahdut HaAvoda. This group held a parade without informing the police. When the two groups meet, clash inevitable.

The police tried to separate about 50 of the protesters communists. While Christian and Muslim Arabs to intervene to help the police fight the Jews. This incident quickly spread to the southern part of the city.

Arabs in Jaffa thought occurred beating his brothers, carrying a variety of weapons to attack Jewish settlements. Further rioting continued for several days in some cities, such as Rehovot, Kfar Sava, Petah Tikva and Hadera.

The riots ended on May 7, 1921 and resulted in 47 Jews and 48 Arabs were killed. In addition, 146 Jews and 73 Arabs wounded. Thousands of Jewish residents of Jaffa finally left the city and sought refuge in Tel Aviv which at that time still dominated by tents and temporary houses on the waterfront.

One result of this is the formation of Jaffa riots Haganah-the Jewish paramilitary forces. Haganah is the forerunner of the Israeli army later.

Palestinian Riots 1929

The incident occurred in late August 1929, as a result of the seizure of the Western Wall of Jerusalem between the Arabs and the Jews that escalated into violence.

In the riots that occurred in the 23 to 29 August 1929, a total of 133 Jews and 110 Arabs were killed and more than 600 people from both sides injured. After the riots, Palestine Mandate government provocateurs filed suspects to justice.

From the results of the trial, 26 Arabs and two Jews convicted of killing and sentenced to death. Penalties are also imposed fines collectively to Arabs in Hebron, Safed, and a number of villages. Fines are collected and then given to the victims of the riots.

Riots are then investigated an investigative commission formed the British Government. As a result, the investigation commission recommends that the UK Government to review the immigration policy and the sale of land to Jews.

After the 1929 riots, the political situation in the Mandate of Palestine, though not as cool, but relatively restrained. Pecahlah Arab Revolt (1936-1939) aimed at Palestinians oppose British rule and prevent the return of massive Jewish immigration.

Revolution itself ended in failure and casualties. As a result of the revolution three years, 300 Jews, 5,000 Arabs and 262 British policemen were killed. In addition, more than 15,000 people injured. Although unsuccessful, this revolution is a significant impact for Jews, Arabs, and British rulers.

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Collapse of the Ottoman and Mandate Palestine

When World War I broke out (1914-1918), the Ottoman Empire Turkey chose to ally Germany. That means, Ottoman Turkey at odds with Britain and France, which is also the enemy of the "natural" German.

This situation is well observed by Zionist groups were getting stronger and the pioneers of the movement of Arab nationalism. Both groups saw an opportunity to oust the Ottoman Turks from the Middle East so that both groups chose to side with the British.

On the sidelines of the war, the diplomatic efforts undertaken by the Zionists and the Arabs for their own interests. One is the correspondence leader Hussein ibn Ali of Mecca by the British High Commissioner in Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon.

The core of the correspondence that took place between 1914-1915 it was promised to the Arab nations allied with the British, and as a reward at the end of the war when Britain had to recognize the independence of the Arab countries.

However, later it was revealed that Britain and France signed the Sykes-Picot agreement in 1917 that it was planning two countries share areas that formerly belonged to the Ottoman Turks.

Guerrilla diplomatic Zionist groups also performed. Jewish community leaders in Britain, Baron Rothschild, building relationships with British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour.

Then Balfour made a statement on 2 November 1917 known as the "Balfour Declaration" that it was the UK will seek to Palestine as a home for the Jewish people, but it will not interfere with the guarantee of religious and civil rights of non-Jews in Palestine.

With content that supports the establishment of a Jewish state in such idealized Zionist group, would not be surprised if the Balfour Declaration is considered as the cornerstone of the establishment of a Jewish state or Israel.

Palestine Mandate

The Balfour Declaration was then inserted into the Sevres Treaty of Peace on August 10, 1920 between Ottoman Turkey and allies at the end of World War I. The essence of this agreement is a division of territory belonging to the Ottoman Turkish Empire. This agreement marked the collapse of the Ottoman Turkish Empire.

This division includes the area of ​​the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon. While Iraq and Palestine under the British Mandate. British put-son Faisal Hussein ibn Ali of Mecca leader-as King of Iraq.

While Palestinians are divided in two. East to Trans given to another son Abdullah Hussein bin Ali. While the west was still called Palestine under direct British control.

During this period Palestine Mandate, Jewish immigration to Palestine grew significantly. In addition to its British patronage, Jewish immigration was encouraged rampant anti-Semitism in Europe, for example in Ukraine that resulted in at least 100,000 Jews were killed in 1905.

Between 1919-1926 at least 90,000 Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestine, they immediately occupy Jewish communities built on land that has been legally purchased by agents of the Zionist Arab landowners.

Quite often this land purchase displacing Arab smallholders. These conditions create a Palestinian Arab citizens feel excluded. This situation plus the desire to self-determination, the growing movement of Palestinian nationalism.

In addition, the Palestinian Arabs opposed Jewish immigration waves because they were concerned, the number of Jews would threaten their national identity.

As a result, throughout the decade of the 1920s, the relationship between the Jews and Arabs in Palestine heated and violent clashes between the two camps are becoming more frequent.

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Zionism, Immigration, and the Jewish State

Talk about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict modern may be traced to the end of the 19th century, before the outbreak of World War I. At that time, the Middle East is a region of the Ottoman Turkish Empire for over 400 years. Towards the end of the 19th century, when it was called Palestine or Southern Syria province is broken down into Syria, Beirut, and Jerusalem by the Ottoman authorities.

At that time predominantly Arab Muslim Palestinians with few Arab Christians, Druze, Sirkasian, and Jews. Despite living under the occupation of the Turks, but life in this area can be said to be a lot of conflict and violence.

Meanwhile, somewhere in the Blue Continent, Jews were widely spread in Central Europe and Eastern Europe have long dreamed of "return to Zion" or simply a return to the promised land of God. However, immigration to Palestine or what they refer to as the Land of Israel has done individually or small groups and the intention to establish a Jewish state has not dawned.

Intention of establishing a Jewish state appears around 1859-1880 when a wave of anti-Semitism began to hit Europe and Russia. This is what sparked the formation of the Zionist movement in 1897. This movement for the creation of a Jewish state as a refuge for all Jews in various parts of the world. This group had considered several locations in Africa and America before ultimately chose Palestine as the ultimate goal.

As mentioned above, when Palestine was still a region into the Ottoman Empire of Turkey. Supported Zionism Jewish National Fund then fund the purchase of land in Palestine, which is still a colony of Ottoman Turkey for settlement of Jewish immigrants. Waves of Jewish immigration after the formation of the World Zionist Organization, has become more organized with the goal of much more clear in the future.

At first, the immigration of Jews to Palestine was not a problem in Palestine. However, with the increasing number of Jewish immigrants who come, the more the land needed for the construction of settlements. Conflicts and disputes over land often occurs between the two nations.

The increasing number of Jewish immigrants in Palestine was also made of the Ottoman Empire worry. However, based on their concern over the fact that most Jewish immigrants came from Russia who is the main enemy in the struggle for power in the Ottoman Balkans.

Ottoman worried Jewish immigrants from Russia will become an extension of their countries to weaken the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East. Thus, the first violence that befell the Jewish immigrants of the 1880s in Palestine-particularly by the Ottoman Turks, was that they considered to be the Russians or Europeans, not because they are Jews.

Measures against Jewish immigrants was done by local people, especially the Arabs. They began protesting acquisition of land by Jewish settlers. Protests over Turkish Ottoman Empire eventually stop selling land to immigrants and foreigners. However, in 1914 the number of Jews in Palestine numbered 66,000 people, half of whom are newcomers.

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Israel-Palestinian Ceasefire Applied

A cease-fire between Israel and the Palestinians finally officially introduced on Wednesday (21/11) night in Gaza. This deal thanks to the mediation of Egypt.

The agreement was immediately greeted joy Palestinians. They took to the streets and waving Hamas flags. "This is a victory for the Palestinian people. They won for their patience despite bloodshed. They will open the border and stop the bloodshed. We will live in peace," said one Palestinian.

Israel halted air strikes as ceasefire deadline. But the rocket strikes Israel still continues one hour after the deal was announced. A total of 162 Palestinians and five Israelis were killed in a military raid last eight days. Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal said it would respect the truce if Israel did the same. But if there are violations, Hamas forces are ready to take up arms.

Hamas also expressed gratitude to Egyptian President Muhammad Mursi particularly the mediation. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu also said the same thing. He claimed to be preparing for even greater strength if the ceasefire failed. In this deal, Israel is required to open the blockade of the Gaza Strip.

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Card Idul Fitri 2012

Faith makes all things possible.
Hope makes all things work.
Love makes all things beautiful.
May you have all of the three.
Happy Iedul Fitri.

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